Table 3 Main outcomes at 12 to 18 months’ corrected age.

From: Gestational diabetes detection thresholds and infant growth, nutrition, and neurodevelopment at 12-18 months: a prospective cohort study within a randomized trial

 

Control

N

Group A GDM by lower but not higher criteria: treated

N

Adjusted RD or MD (95% CI)

OR [95% CI]

Group B GDM by lower but not higher criteria: untreated

N

Adjusted RD or MD (95% CI)

OR [95% CI]

Group C GDM by higher criteria treated

N

Adjusted RD or MD (95% CI)

OR [95% CI]

Composite of infant overweight or rapid weight gain from birtha

35 (28%)

123

32 (22%)

147

−6 (−20, 6)

0.6 [0.3, 1.3]

18 (13%)

134

−15 (−30, 3)

0.3 [0.1, 0.7]

26 (15%)

174

−14 (−27, 2)

0.4 [0.2, 0.8]

Infant overweight

24 (20%)

123

14 (10%)

147

−10 (−25, 5)

0.3 [0.1, 0.9]

8 (6%)

134

−14 (−28, 2)

0.2 [0.1, 0.5]

9 (5%)

174

−15 (−29, 1)

0.1 [0.0, 0.4]

Rapid gain in weight z-score from birth

27 (22%)

123

28 (19%)

147

−3 (−16, 9)

0.8 [0.4, 1.6]

14 (10%)

134

−12 (−25, 2)

0.4 [0.2, 0.9]

22 (13%)

174

−9 (−21, 3)

0.4 [0.2, 0.9]

CEBQ

Food approach subscale

8.3 (1.7)

123

8.2 (1.8)

144

−0.1 (−0.6, 0.4)

8.4 (1.6)

140

−0.1 (−0.6, 0.4)

8.5 (1.7)

174

0.0 (−0.5, 0.5)

CFFQ

Energy—kJ/kg/day

3490 (2246)

107

2957 (1410)

135

−490 (−1030, 50)

3120 (1625)

125

−383 (−929, 163)

2991 (1914)

154

−499 (−1042, 43)

Protein—percent energy

17 (6)

107

17 (5)

135

0.4 (−1.2, 2.0)

17 (5)

125

0.5 (−1.1, 2.2)

16 (5)

154

0.6 (−1.1, 2.2)

Fat—percent energy

31 (8)

107

32 (7)

135

0.4 (−1.8, 2.7)

31 (7)

125

0.2 (−2.1, 2.4)

31 (8)

154

0.1 (−2.1, 2.4)

Carbohydrate—percent energy

50 (9)

107

49 (8)

135

−1.0 (−3.5, 1.5)

50 (8)

125

−0.7 (−3.2, 1.9)

51 (9)

154

0.9 (−3.4, 1.7)

CAT

Cognitive z-score

0.27 (1.20)

121

0.01 (0.98)

143

−0.16 (−0.46, 0.15)

0.22 (1.06)

131

−0.03 (−0.28, 0.33)

0.30 (0.97)

171

0.16 (-0.14, 0.46)

  1. Data are mean (standard deviation) or number (percent). See Table 1 for oral glucose tolerance test detection criteria associated with each group. Analyses adjusted for potential confounding by maternal body size (BMI), socioeconomic status (New Zealand Deprivation Index), ethnicity and infant sex, with Dunnett correction of family-wise error rate.
  2. CEBQ Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, CFFQ Complementary Food Frequency Questionnaire, CAT Cognitive Adaptive Test, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, MD mean difference, RD risk difference.
  3. aOverweight defined as BMI z-score >2 and rapid weight gain from birth to 12-18 months as conditional gain in weight z-score for weight and length z-score at birth >1.
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