Table 4 Body size, composition, and growth at 12 to 18 months’ corrected age.

From: Gestational diabetes detection thresholds and infant growth, nutrition, and neurodevelopment at 12-18 months: a prospective cohort study within a randomized trial

 

Control

N

Group A GDM by lower but not higher criteria: treated

N

Adjusted MD (95% CI)

Group B GDM by lower but not higher criteria: untreated

N

Adjusted MD (95% CI)

Group C GDM by higher criteria treated

N

Adjusted MD (95% CI)

Body size

Length—cm

76.5 (3.2)

123

76.0 (3.4)

147

−0.3 (−1.2, 0.5)

75.8 (3.2)

135

−0.6 (−1.5, 0.2)

75.3 (3.4)

175

−1.0 (−1.8, −0.1)

Weight—kg

10.31 (1.41)

123

9.96 (1.43)

147

−0.24 (−0.60, 0.13)

9.92 (1.31)

136

−0.38 (−0.74, −0.01)

9.67 (1.41)

175

−0.54 (−0.90, −0.18)

BMI—kg/m2

17.6 (1.8)

123

17.3 (1.8)

146

−0.3 (−0.7, 0.2)

17.2 (1.5)

134

−0.4 (−0.9, 0.1)

17.0 (1.7)

174

−0.5 (−1.0, 0.0)

Head circumference—cm

46.5 (1.7)

123

46.1 (1.6)

146

−0.1 (−0.6, 0.3)

46.1(1.7)

133

−0.2 (−0.7, 0.2)

45.7 (1.7)

175

−0.6 (−1.0, −0.1)

Abdominal circumference—cm

45.6 (3.5)

123

45.4 (3.6)

145

0.0 (−1.0, 0.9)

44.8 (3.4)

133

−0.8 (−1.7, 0.2)

44.4 (3.4)

174

−0.9 (−1.8, 0.1)

Chest circumference—cm

47.0 (2.4)

122

46.7 (2.8)

145

−0.1 (−0.8, 0.6)

46.3 (2.7)

133

−0.7 (−1.4, 0.0)

46.1 (2.4)

174

−0.7 (−1.4, 0.0)

Arm circumference—cm

15.4 (1.6)

123

15.3(1.4)

146

−0.1 (−0.5, 0.4)

15.0(1.6)

132

−0.4 (−0.9, 0.0)

15.0 (1.5)

174

−0.3 (−0.8, 0.1)

Acromio-radiale—cm

13.4 (1.3)

123

12.9 (1.4)

146

−0.4 (−0.8, 0.0)

13.1 (1.4)

132

−0.3 (−0.6, 0.1)

13.0 (1.2)

174

−0.4 (−0.8, 0.0)

Z-scores for age and sex

Length

0.37 (1.15)

123

0.27 (1.16)

147

−0.01 (−0.33, 0.32)

0.15 (1.12)

135

−0.20 (−0.52, 0.13)

0.01 (1.23)

175

−0.25 (−0.57, 0.06)

Weight

0.65 (1.14)

123

0.47 (1.14)

147

−0.12 (−0.43, 0.18)

0.39 (1.06)

136

−0.28 (−0.59, 0.02)

0.18 (1.19)

175

−0.39 (−0.69, −0.09)

BMI

0.60 (1.17)

123

0.43 (1.16)

146

−0.17 (−0.48, 0.15)

0.42 (1.00)

134

−0.23 (−0.54, 0.09)

0.24 (1.19)

174

−0.33 (−0.64, −0.02)

Head circumference

0.57 (1.25)

123

0.45 (1.17)

146

−0.07 (−0.40, 0.27)

0.42 (1.20)

133

−0.13 (−0.47, 0.20)

0.08 (1.19)

175

−0.37 (−0.70, −0.04)

Arm circumference

0.75 (1.33)

123

0.67 (1.18)

146

−0.03 (−0.38, 0.33)

0.40 (1.35)

132

−0.36 (−0.72, 0.00)

0.39 (1.27)

174

−0.26 (−0.61, 0.09)

Body composition

Subscapular skinfold—mm

7.7 (1.8)

122

7.9 (2.2)

144

0.2 (−0.4, 0.8)

7.8 (1.9)

134

0.1 (−0.4, 0.7)

7.6 (1.9)

171

0.0 (−0.5, 0.6)

Triceps skinfold—mm

10.2 (3.0)

122

10.1 (2.8)

144

0.1 (−0.6, 0.9)

9.6 (2.3)

134

−0.4 (−1.2, 0.3)

9.7 (2.4)

171

−0.1 (−0.9, 0.6)

Arm muscle cross-sectional area—cm2

12.1 (2.9)

122

11.8 (2.6)

144

−0.2 (−1.0, 0.5)

11.6 (2.9)

132

−0.6 (−1.4, 0.2)

11.5 (2.6)

171

−0.6 (−1.3, 0.2)

Z-scores for age and sex

Subscapular skinfold

0.75 (1.12)

122

0.77 (1.31)

144

0.05 (−0.30, 0.40)

0.81 (1.14)

134

0.06 (−0.29, 0.41)

0.64 (1.23)

171

−0.04 (−0.38, 0.31)

Triceps skinfold

0.96 (1.40)

122

0.92 (1.34)

144

0.08 (−0.29, 0.45)

0.74 (1.23)

134

−0.15 (−0.53, 0.22)

0.74 (1.27)

171

−0.03 (−0.39, 0.34)

Arm muscle area

−0.21 (1.24)

122

−0.19 (0.98)

144

0.01 (−0.31, 0.33)

−0.38 (1.14)

132

−0.20 (−0.52, 0.12)

−0.40 (1.13)

171

−0.16 (−0.48, 0.15)

Conditional gain in z-score

Length z-score from 6 months

0.04 (0.99)

123

0.07 (1.00)

147

0.04 (−0.23,0.36)

−0.03 (0.95)

135

−0.06 (−0.36, 0.24)

−0.06 (1.05)

175

−0.09 (−0.36,0.23)

Weight z-score from 6 monthsa

0.18 (0.98)

123

0.04 (1.01)

147

−0.10 (−0.35, 0.23)

−0.06 (0.94)

136

−0.19 (−0.47, 0.11)

−0.11 (1.05)

175

−0.20 (−0.47, 0.11)

Weight z-score from birthb

0.24 (1.00)

123

0.12 (0.99)

147

−0.10 (−0.37, 0.18)

−0.14 (0.94)

134

−0.39 (−0.68, −0.13)

−0.17 (1.01)

174

−0.40 (−0.66, −0.12)

  1. Data are mean (standard deviation). See Table 1 for oral glucose tolerance test diagnostic criteria associated with each group. BMI, body mass index. Analyses adjusted for potential confounding by maternal body size (BMI), socioeconomic status (New Zealand Deprivation Index), ethnicity and infant sex, with Dunnett correction of family-wise error rate.
  2. aConditional growth in weight z-score for weight z-score and length z-score at 5–6 months.
  3. bConditional growth in weight z-score for weight and length z-score at birth.
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