Fig. 2

CA induced endothelial cell wound healing and migration. a, b HUVEC wounds were created and then treated with CA at 0.1–10 μM for 24 h. The images were obtained at the same positions at time 0 h and after 24 h treatment with CA (a). Wound healing was evaluated by measuring the distance between the wound margins (b). c HUVECs (1.5 × 10⁵ cells per well) were seeded onto a 12-well plate that contained plastic coverslips, and the wounded cells were treated with CA (0.1–10 μM) after removing the coverslips. After the 24-h incubation, the number of cells in each well was counted. d, e HUVECs were seeded into the upper chamber of a transwell plate at a density of 5 × 10⁴ cells per well and then incubated with various concentrations of CA (0.1–10 μM). After 24 h, the migrated cells were quantified via manual counting (d) and photographed (e) with a fluorescent inverted microscope (magnification ×40). e Representative photographs of the cells that migrated across the membrane: a control; b CA (10 μM). Three individual experiments were conducted in triplicate. Data that are shown in the graphs are representative of the mean ± SEM. ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 vs. the control