Fig. 3
CA enhanced endothelial cell tube formation in HUVECs. a HUVECs (5 × 104 cells per well) were plated in growth factor reduced matrigel-coated 96-well plates and then supplemented with or without various concentrations of CA (0.1–10 μM) for 4 h. The number of tube-like structures was calculated and expressed as the relative number of tube formation. b Representative photographs of the tube-like structures: a control; b CA (10 μM); c VEGF (20 ng/mL) (magnification ×40). c HUVECs (5 × 103 cells per well) and HDFs (1 × 105 cells per well) were plated and then challenged after 4 days with homocysteine with or without varying concentrations of CA (1–100 µM) over 8 days. Average tube size was calculated and expressed relative to the VEGF (20 ng/mL) rescue. Two images were taken and averaged per well for n = 3 wells per condition and compared using the T-test, *P < 0.05 vs. the homocysteine alone (second row). d Photographs of the tubes. Data that are shown in the graphs are representative of the mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs. the control
