Fig. 1

CCL8 is highly expressed by TAMs and facilitates the formation of pseudopodia in GBM cells. a Expression heatmap of the upregulated genes in human GBM infiltrating myeloid cells and blood monocytes from GEO dataset (GSE77043). b TAMs were separated from five GBM specimens and MIF of CCL8 expression was analyzed by FACS, PBMC-derived macrophages from each patient were used as comparison. P value was calculated by paired student’s t test. c Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of CCL8 expression and the overall survival of GBM patients from TCGA database. d Western blotting of CCL8 expression on primary GBM cells (GBM1 and GBM2 cells) and TAMs from GBM patient. e–g GBM cells were seeded in 3D cell culture medium with or without CCL8 (5 ng/mL), and the pseudopodia formation was dynamically observed by live-cell imaging system. Representative images of pseudopodia (white arrow) in GBM1 cells were showed (e). The numbers of pseudopodia in GBM1 (f) and GBM2 (g) cells were counted during 30-min observation. h. GBM cells were stained with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin to observe the morphology of pseudopodia under laser confocal canning microscopy. Representative images of two independent experiments were showed