Table 1 Genetic lesions in HRS and LP cells.

Gene	Pathway or main function	Type of genetic alteration	Approximate frequency (%)	References
HRS cells
NFKBIA	NF-κB pathway	SNVs, indels	10–20	[33, 39, 45]
NFKBIE	NF-κB pathway	SNVs, indels	10	[32, 33, 41, 51]
TNFAIP3	NF-κB pathway	SNVs, indels	40	[40, 42]
REL	NF-κB pathway	Gains/amplifications	50	[35, 36, 38]
MAP3K14	NF-κB pathway	Gains/amplifications	25	[38, 43]
BCL3	NF-κB pathway	Gains, translocations	20	[37]
JAK2^a	JAK/STAT pathway	Gains/amplification	30	[48, 52]
SOCS1	JAK/STAT pathway	SNVs, indels	40	[31,32,33, 47]
STAT6	JAK/STAT pathway	SNVs, gains	30	[32, 50, 51]
PTPN1	JAK/STAT pathway	SNVs, indels	20	[32, 33, 46]
CSF2RB	JAK/STAT pathway	SNVs	20	[31, 33]
ITPKB	PI3K/AKT pathway	SNVs	15	[31, 32, 51]
GNA13	PI3K/AKT pathway	SNVs	20	[31,32,33, 51]
B2M	Immune evasion	SNVs, indels	30	[31,32,33, 51]
MHC2TA	Immune evasion	Translocations, SNVs	15	[51, 54]
PD-L1, PD-L2^a	Immune evasion	Gains/amplifications	30	[49, 52, 53]
XPO1	Nuclear RNA and protein export	SNVs (codon 571), gains	20	[32, 33, 56]
ARID1A	Chromatin remodeling	SNVs, indels	25	[33]
JMJD2C^a	Epigenetic regulator	Gains/amplifications	30	[49]
LP cells
BCL6	Transcription factor	Translocations	35	[58]
SOCS1	JAK/STAT pathway	SNVs, indels	40	[61]
SGK1		SNVs	50	[62]
JUNB	Transcription factor	SNVs	50	[62]
DUSP2		SNVs	50	[62]
REL	NF-κB pathway	Gains	40	[60]

SNV single nucleotide variants, i.e., somatic point mutations.
^aPD-L1, PD-L2, JAK2, and JMJD2C are located close to each other and hence mostly co-gained or co-amplified.

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