Fig. 3: Cascading upconversion amplification for multispectral narrowband NIR photodetection.

a Schematic illustration of the photodetector device’s mechanism. b Absorption of MAPbI3 films, Nd3+, Yb3+, and Er3+ and emission spectra from 1D2 → 3F4, 1G4 → 3H6, 2H11/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2, and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2transtions in CSS UCNCs. c On–off switching currents of CSS/MAPbI3, Au NR/CSS/MAPbI3, MLA/CSS/MAPbI3, and MLA/Au NR/CSS/MAPbI3 under 808, 980, and 1540 nm excitation at a power density of 2 mW cm−2. d Photocurrent response of the MLA/Au NR/CSS/MAPbI3 device under irradiance with 650–1650 nm light. e–g, Responsivity, detectivity, and response times of CSS/MAPbI3, Au NR/CSS/MAPbI3, MLA/CSS/MAPbI3, and MLA/Au NR/CSS/MAPbI3 devices under 808, 980, and 1540 nm light irradiation