Fig. 3: Tungsten as an ideal SSA and BBA.

a The measured absorption/emission of W spectrally selective absorber and broadband absorber as well as the AM 1.5 solar and radiation spectra of a blackbody (BB) at 200 °C. b SEM images of W-SSA showing nanostructure-covered fs-LIPSSs at a fluence of 0.30 J cm−2. The inset shows a zoom-out view of the nanostructure-covered fs-LIPSSs. c SEM images of microstructures formed for BBA at a fluence of 3 J cm−2. A magnified SEM image of the BBA surface is shown in d.