Fig. 1: Working principle of the proposed VUV-based photoemission microscopy.

a Illustration of the laser beam going through the KBBF crystal (top) and the flat lens (middle); b microscopic image of the flat lens etched on a CaF2 substrate (insert: photo of the optical device); c schematic optical setup of the laser focusing system including five components: (i) fundamental frequency adjustment (of the polarization and power), (ii) frequency doubling, (iii) beam shaping, (iv) polarization adjustment, and (v) focusing of light. GT prism Glan–Taylor prism, HWP half-wave plate, L lens, M mirror