Fig. 17: Flowchart of the one-step deep-learning-based phase unwrapping approach and the unwrapping results of different methods.

a The flowchart of the one-step deep-learning-based phase unwrapping approach: the absolute phase can be predicted directly from a noisy wrapped phase based on the trained CNN. b The wrapped phase map of living mouse osteoblast. c Unwrapped phase of (b) obtained by deep learning. d Phase errors of (c). e Unwrapped phase of (b) obtained by the conventional LS method³²². f Phase errors of (e). a–f Adapted with permission from ref. ³²¹, Optica publishing