Fig. 1: Chirality at the nanoscale.

a Chirality at various hierarchical scales. Reproduced with permission from ref. ². Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. b Chiral nanomaterials with intrinsic chirality prepared by enantioselective synthesis. Left: Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁷. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. Middle: Reproduced with permission from ref. ²¹. Copyright 2020, AAAS. Right: Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁸. Copyright 2020, AAAS. c Chiral nanomaterials based on different soft templates (left-to-right): DNA-, peptide-, and chiral gelator-directed self-assembly of achiral nanoparticles. Left: Reproduced with permission from ref. ²³. Copyright 2012, Springer Nature. Middle: Reproduced with permission from ref. ²⁶. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. Right: Reproduced with permission from ref. ³⁷. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. d Chiral liquid-crystalline nanoarchitecture observed in beetles and biomimetic systems. (Left) Atomic force microscopy image of the beetle exoskeleton. (Middle) Beetle exoskeletons under left- and right-handed circularly polarized light. (Right) Scanning electron microscope image showing the self-assembly of platinum nanoparticles around the fingerprint of a cholesteric liquid-crystalline template. Left and middle: Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸⁵. Copyright 2009, AAAS. Right: Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸⁹. Copyright 2002, Springer Nature