Fig. 1: Optical response of amorphous AuNP multilayers on gold (NPnML-on-mirror).

a Height profile of monolayer (1 ML) and bilayer (2 ML) disordered AuNP (D = 100 nm) multilayer films from optical profilometer. b Optical profilometer image of monolayer and bilayer films. c Scanning electron micrograph of 2 ML film. d Extinction spectra of 1 ML films with increasing AuNP diameter D = 20–100 nm. Arrows mark resonance positions. e FTIR extinction spectrum of NPnML-on-mirror films for n = 1–9 with AuNP diameter D = 100 nm. Red shaded represents spectral region with CB[5] vibrational absorption peaks. All spectra expressed in absorbance units (−log10 R). Dotted lines show fits from collective plasmon-polariton model (SI Section S3)