Fig. 6: Quantification of the mass transport kinetics for different SEI layers.

a-d Establishing a correlation between the evolution of the differential interface mode amplitude (d(∆I)/dt) and the battery capacity. The red dotted line indicates a shift of the peak of differential optical power in charge–discharge cycling tests of lithium metal batteries. e Quantitative comparison of the normalized area change, peak-to-peak value, and peak drift of the ∆I′/Q curve in (a–d). The change in area is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum areas divided by the maximum area