Fig. 11: Reflection-mode phase reconstruction.

Holographic imaging can reconstruct the complex-amplitude of reflection waves, enabling to detect the profiles and topography of optical opaque objects. a DHM setup operating in reflection mode. b Design of the gold electrodes in transistor sample, and its eight maps of the sample from the refection-mode DHM system and atomic force microscopy system²⁹⁸. c Real-time imaging of the wet etching process²⁹⁹. d Quantitative thickness imaging of a rapid lithography process¹⁹⁴. e LED-illuminated inverted quantitative oblique back-illumination microscopic configuration^305,306. f Photon angular distribution collected at the sample plane, the corresponding 2D phase transfer function in pupil plane coordinates and the 3D optical transfer function distribution in the 3D pupil plane coordinates. OTF: Optical transfer function. g The reconstructed phase image of blood cells in the bag from a patient with sickle-cell disease³⁰⁵. h 3D slice of RI tomogram of brain biopsy³⁰⁶