Fig. 14: Progress toward holography clinical applications as a diagnostic tool to identify healthy versus diseased states.

Holographic imaging can be applied in clinical diagnostic tools based on the physicochemical properties from the 2D phase or 3D RI reconstruction. a 3D rendered RI map of individual RBCs from healthy, iron deficiency anemia, reticulocyte, and hereditary spherocytosis red blood cells³⁸⁷. b 3D rendering images of E. coli cells with different levels of PHB accumulation, and change of time with the cell volume, dry cell weight, and PHB contents³⁹⁰. c Temporal evolution of the reconstructed phase map in the case of a single cell during “injurious” light exposure with phototoxicity, and the process of cell volume and cell area over time changes³⁹¹. d identification of benign (top row) versus malignant (bottom row) glandular tissue, validated by pathological classification of hematoxylin and eosin-stained biopsy material, and separation of benign and malignant gland feature vectors and phase features³⁹². e Membrane fluctuations and in-plane shear modulus at different intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum-invaded human RBCs³⁹³