Fig. 5: Phase-shifting holographic imaging model.

The interferometry offers temporal phase shifts between the object field and the reference field. The spatial field distribution in the complex-domain is reconstructed from multiple interferograms in real-domain. It belongs to the real-domain interferometric method in Fig. 3c. a MZ interferometric configuration uses the interference between the object wave and reference wave. The reference field is in-line with the imaging field. b Phase-shifting production in the reference wave. c Phase shifting on the trigonometric circle and a sinusoidal function. d The phase shifting pattern of spherical phase example, where \(\delta =0\), \(\delta =\pi /2\), \(\delta =\pi\), \(\delta =3\pi /2\) are the steps of phase shifting, L: Lens. e The principle of parallel phase shifting technique. f The bandwidth limitation of phase-shifting holography. g Non-interferometric spatial light phase shifting technique. TL tube lens