Fig. 6: Lensless on-chip Inline (Gabor) holographic imaging model.

The spatial modulations offer measurement diversity of detections. The spatial field distribution in the complex-domain is reconstructed from multiple detections in the real-domain. It belongs to the real-domain non-interferometric method in Fig. 3d. a Schematics of a lens-less on-chip Inline (Gabor) holographic microscope. A sequence of intensity images taken under varying conditions: different wavelengths, different recording distances, and different angles of illumination. b Configuration and propagation process of the in-line holographic imaging system. c Iterative phase retrieval for complex-amplitude from intensity images, T: transformation. d Phase retrieval for complex-amplitude reconstruction by TIE. The phase can be converted into intensity during diffraction, producing the transport of intensity effect. Phase slope induces the intensity translation, while phase curvature induces intensity convergence or divergence. e Pixel super-resolution (PSR) for the in-line on-chip holographic imaging. f The imaging system passbands in the Fourier domain. g Full FOV hologram of the specimen. For comparison, the typical imaging from conventional 10× and 60× MOs are shown¹⁵⁷. BPM Back-propagation method