Fig. 5: Summary of targeted super-resolution techniques based on UCL emission non-saturation of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs.

a Schematic of the experimental setup based on a standard confocal optical microscopy system for super-resolution SEE microscopy using lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸¹, CC BY 4.0. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature Limited⁸¹. b Intensity saturation curve of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs with high Tm³⁺ doping. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸¹, CC BY 4.0 Copyright 2019 Springer Nature Limited⁸¹. c 3D confocal and super-resolution SEE microscopy imaging, and corresponding intensity profiles of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs with high Tm³⁺ doping. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸¹, CC BY 4.0. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature Limited⁸¹. d Schematic of the PA effect in Tm³⁺-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸², 2021. Springer Nature Limited⁸². e Model plot of the intensity saturation curve of Tm³⁺-doped UCNPs with PA UCL emission with a non-linearity of more than 15. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸². Copyright 2021 Springer Nature Limited⁸². f Confocal and PASSI nanoscopy imaging, and corresponding intensity profile of Tm³⁺-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸² Copyright 2021 Springer Nature Limited⁸². g Schematic of the PA mechanism in Yb³⁺/Pr³⁺-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸³. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature Limited⁸³. h Confocal and MPA nanoscopy imaging, and corresponding intensity profiles of Yb³⁺/Pr³⁺-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁸³. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature Limited⁸³