Fig. 7: Summary of low-energy super-resolution encoding, display and data storage applications using lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs.

a Schematic of deep learning assisted super-resolution decoding UCL emission lifetime of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁸³. Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry¹⁸³. b Time-domain wide-field and super-resolution SIM imaging of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs decoded using deep learning. Scale bar: 500 nm. Adapted with permission from ref. ¹⁸³. Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry¹⁸³. c Schematic of a nanorod-shaped lanthanide ion-doped UCNP and light excitation patterns for a super-resolution RGB pixel. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁹³, CC BY 4.0. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature Limited¹⁹³. d Wide-field microscopy imaging and corresponding UCL emission spectra of a super-resolution pixel emitting RGB and white light using nanorod-shaped lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs. Reproduced with permission from ref. ¹⁹³, CC BY 4.0. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature Limited¹⁹³. e Schematic of super-resolution optical data writing using lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs to reduce GO flakes. Reproduced with permission from ref. ²¹⁴, CC BY-NC 4.0. Copyright 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science²¹⁴. f Diffraction-limited and super-resolution optical data readout based on UCL emission quenching of lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs by reduced GO flakes. Reproduced with permission from ref. ²¹⁴, CC BY-NC 4.0. Copyright 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science²¹⁴