Fig. 13: Application of VCSEL in different PNNs.

a 2-bit image recognition based on spiking VCSEL-neurons¹⁸⁸. b Reservoir computing based on LA-VCSEL¹⁹⁸. c Matrix multiplication using VCSEL as 1D vector input device²³⁶. d 2D VCSEL array can be used as high-through-put input device for DNNs to implement 3D photonic chips¹⁹⁹. Figure a is reprinted from ref. ¹⁸⁸. with permission from the Springer Nature by CC BY 4.0. Figure b is reproduced from ref. ¹⁹⁸. with permission from the IOP Publishing by CC BY 4.0. Figure c is reprinted from ref. ²³⁶. with permission from the Optica Publishing Group. Figure d is reprinted from ref. ¹⁹⁹. with permission from the De Gruyter by CC BY 4.0