Fig. 5: Optical responses of the sensors with various interfaces to various microcurrents at the counter electrode.

Wavelength shifts of the sensors with (a, b) GO-MoS2-Au, (c, d) GO-MoS2, (e, f) MoS2-GO, (g, h) MoS2, and (i, j) GO interfaces. k Wavelength shift ratios when the microcurrent was 0.25 mA and 3 μA. (a, c, e, g, i: 3 μA; b, d, f, h, j: 0.25 mA). l Electrochemical curve, pH values and wavelength shifts of the sensor for increasing microcurrent from 3 μA to 0.25 mA. Average results of multiple measurements recorded by the sensor without interface and sensor with GO-MoS2-Au interface at (m) the counter electrode and (n) the working electrode, respectively. (mean ± SD, n = 15)