Fig. 2

Comparative simulation results of different methods in the case of illumination parameters varying with volume space. a Simulated 3D structured illumination field with parameters varying spatially without system OTF attenuation. b Sliced images of the illumination field in the lateral and axial directions corresponding to the blue- and yellow-boxed regions in (a). c Intensity profiles along the blue dashed lines in (b), where (c1) and (c2) correspond to (b1) and (b2), respectively. d The wide-field image and the super-resolution images obtained by different methods (Open-3DSIM¹⁹, PCA-3DSIM and ground truth), where the top are lateral slices and the bottom are axial slices. e–g Magnified wide-field image and super-resolution images from the white-, yellow-, and green-boxed regions in (d) obtained by different methods. h Intensity profiles along the blue lines in (e–g). i, j SSIM and PSNR between the super-resolved images obtained by different methods and the ground truth with the addition of Gaussian noise with 5 dBW power. The simulations were independently repeated 10 times with similar results. Colored arrows point to regions where reconstruction differences are distinct. Scale bars: 4 um (d); 500 nm (e); 400 nm (f); 300 nm (g). Scale on z-axis: 30 layers, 0.125 μm per layer