Fig. 3
From: Shaping the light of VCSELs through cavity geometry design
Beam profile and spectra of VCSELs with different cavity geometries at maximum power output. a Near-field patterns (NFP), showing the light distribution in the cavities. b Fourier transforms of the NFPs, representing the spatial frequency components of each beam profile. c Far-field patterns (FFP), illustrating beam shape at maximum power. d Radial intensity profiles of the FFPs, showing integrated intensity as a function of distance from the beam center. e Normalized optical spectra of each geometry, revealing distinct spectral features at maximum power
