Fig. 2: Simulation results of spatiotemporal skyrmion topology.

a 3D iso-intensity (10% max) profiles of RCP spatiotemporal wavepacket with the corresponding b sliced intensity and c phase patterns at y = 0 plane. d–f 3D iso-intensity (10% max) profiles and corresponding sliced intensity and phase patterns (at y = 0 plane) of the LCP component. g A mixed 3D iso-intensity (10% max) profile of RCP and LCP spatiotemporal wavepacket. The normalized Stokes distribution of h out-of-plane (S₃) and i in-plane component [tan⁻¹(S₁/S₂)]. j The 3D optical Stokes orientation distribution. k The top view of Stokes orientation distribution. l The elliptical polarization distributions of spatiotemporal skyrmion topology. The Hue color denotes the polarization azimuth, and brightness represents ellipticity from left- to right-handed circular states. The definition and calculation of the Stokes parameters are detailed in the Methods section