Fig. 4: In vitro transdermal insulin delivery performance of the IMAP.

a The cumulative permeation amount of FITC-insulin using various IMAP groups including the vesicle group, vesicle/MA group, insulin/MA/1mA group, vesicle/1mA group, vesicle/MA/1mA group, vesicle/MA/2mA group and vesicle/MA/3mA group. b In vitro cumulative permeation amount and the rate of FITC-insulin in the vesicle/MA/2mA groups alternated with power-on (blue area) and power-off (gray area). c The 3D confocal reconstruction images of rabbit skins treated with the vesicle/1mA group, and its fluorescence distribution along the marked red line (c1) and blue line (c2). d 3D confocal reconstruction images of rabbit skins treated with the vesicles/MA, and the distribution of the fluorescence intensity along with the red (d1) and blue lines (d2). e The 3D confocal reconstruction images of rabbit skins treated with the vesicle/MA/1mA group, and its fluorescence distribution along the red line (e1) and blue line (e2). The red line indicates the point ‘A’ to point ‘B’ on the Y axes of the reconstruction images, while the blue line indicates the point ‘C’ to point ‘D’ on the Z axes.