Table 1 IMAP groups under different usage conditions for in vitro insulin delivery.

From: Smartphone-powered iontophoresis-microneedle array patch for controlled transdermal delivery

Group name

Loading drug

MA Penetration

Iontophoresis

Vesicle

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

–

–

Vesicle/MA

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

10 N compression

–

Insulin/MA/1 mA

Free FITC-insulin

10 N compression

1 mA

Vesicle/1 mA

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

–

1 mA

Vesicle/MA/1 mA

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

10 N compression

1 mA

Vesicle/MA/2 mA

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

10 N compression

2 mA

Vesicle/MA/3 mA

FITC-insulin loaded vesicles

10 N compression

3 mA