Fig. 1: High-specificity recognition of hERG K⁺ channel inhibitor-induced arrhythmia in cardiomyocytes by automated template matching.

a Schematic of cardiomyocyte arrhythmia recognition by automated template matching for mechanical beating signals. The cardiomyocyte biosensing system can record rhythmic and arrhythmic mechanical beating signals from cardiomyocytes by interdigitated electrode (IDEs) and an impedance measurement technique. The rhythmic and arrhythmic templates are randomly extracted by feature point determination and data collection. These templates are then reconstituted by spline interpolation to match the data length of the targeted signals. Arrhythmia recognition is finally performed by calculating the correlation between the templates and targeted signals. b Working principle of mechanical beating recording by interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and an impedance measurement technique. The rhythmic mechanical beating signals are relevant to the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of cardiomyocytes, which affect the ion current by changing cell morphology, cell-cell attachment, and cell-electrode attachment. c Images of the automated template matching (ATM) biosensing system for automated cardiomyocyte mechanical beating signal collection and analysis with the multiwell IDE device. ATM is capable of continuous and parallel monitoring of many samples. d Block diagram of the automated template matching (ATM) biosensing system including hardware and software modules. The hardware components include a signal generation module (orange), analog signal conditioning module (cyan), and an integrated data acquisition (DAQ) module (blue) with digital-to-analog convertor (DAC) and analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) functions. The software components include automated signal acquisition, processing, and analyzing modules (red)