Fig. 4: EIS for electrodes with various design parameters.

a Impedance for various PEDOT:PSS interconnect lengths (100 µm electrode diameter). b Impedance for various electrode diameters (2.5 mm PEDOT:PSS interconnect length). c Reported electrode impedances at 1 kHz for various transparent electrodes made of materials such as graphene6,7, doped graphene5, ITO10, PEDOT:PSS12, gold27, gold coated with PEDOT:PSS27,28, and silver29. Note the difference in diameter for some of the electrodes. The condition labeled “PEDOT:PSS (this work)” represents the impedance value of a 100 µm electrode with a 2.5 mm interconnect.