Fig. 5: Optogenetic neural activity modulation with UCNPs.

a Lanthanide-doped nanorods with different upconversion emission spectra. Reproduced with permission from ref. 83. Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. b Core–shell UCNPs for neural activity modulation in living animals. Reproduced with permission from ref. 86. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. c Dye-sensitized core-shell UCNPs with enhanced upconversion emission efficiency for neural activity manipulation. Reproduced with permission from ref. 84. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. d Core-shell-shell UCNPs with enhanced upconversion emission efficiency for neural activity inhibition. Reproduced with permission from ref. 88. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society