Table 1 Physiological effects of terahertz radiation on neurons in vitro
From: Recent advances and research progress on microsystems and bioeffects of terahertz neuromodulation
Object | Methods | Parameters | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ND7–23 cells | Examining GSH and Hsp70 levels before and after differentiation | 0.14 THz, 24–62 mW/cm2, 10 min to 24 h | No stress response and no detectable adverse reactions | |
Sensory ganglia of chicken embryos | Evaluating explant neurite growth intensity | 0.05–2 THz, exposure time 3 min. | Area index increased by 24% at a power density of 0.5 μW/cm2 | |
Mouse ganglion retinal cells | Detecting the apoptosis of cells after terahertz exposure | 0.1–3.5 THz, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 min | A certain inhibitory effect on the increase in apoptosis | |
NGF treated PC12 cells | Measurement of intracellular and extracellular DA and DOPAC content and DAT expression | 0.06 THz, 5 mW/cm2, 24 h exposure | No evidence of nonthermal effects observed on dopamine metabolism | |
RPE cells, HCE cells and Müller cells | Assessing gene expression profile of cells | 0.7 THz, 0.3 mW/cm2, 6 h | Obvious cellular gene expression differences between irradiated cells and control cells | |
Mouse primary cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes | Patch-clamp recording, TUNEL assay and gene and protein expression assessment | 3.1 THz, 70 mW/cm2 | Increased expression of synaptic proteins and genes | |
Rat glial cells | Assessing the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential | 0.12–0.18 THz, 3.2 mW/cm2 | The nonthermal effect of terahertz radiation caused cell apoptosis |
