Fig. 5: Various SERS based on metamaterials.

a Two conventional colloidal lithography and MOF template-guided lithography. electromagnetic field distribution over the Ag nanotriangle array. SERS spectra of R6G molecules and SERS peak at 36 randomly chosen sites on it. Reproduced with permission¹³¹. Copyright 2023, Springer. b Jet-shaped SERS substrate and the enhanced scattering signal of 4-MBA. Reproduced with permission¹³⁴. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. c BIC-driven TiO₂ semiconductor SERS metamaterial and illustration of BIC-assisted absorption enhancement and spectral tunability. Reproduced with permission¹⁴¹. Copyright 2024, Wiley. d A solid Au octahedron is enclosed by an Au cubic nanoframe. Reproduced with permission¹⁴⁴. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. e Quantitative SERS detection of dye molecules by PDDA@Ag/Au-HPOC substrate. SERS spectra of sunset yellow and Allura red. Reproduced with permission¹⁴⁸. Copyright 2025, Elsevier. f An artificial nose of scalable plasmonic array gas sensor for Multi-Dimensional SERS recognition of volatile organic compounds. Reproduced with permission¹⁴⁹. Copyright 2024, Elsevier