Fig. 4: Ocular biomarker sensing using MCLs.

a (i) The photograph of the MCL as a sensing platform (scale bar = 5 mm), (ii) the sensing arrangement using a smartphone camera, (iii) a closer look at the sensing area, Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (2020)⁷¹. b (i) The process of the implementation of the sensing elements to MCL for the ascorbic acid sensor, (ii) Photographs of encapsulated MCL and microscopic images of the channels (scale bar: 400 μm), Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (2024)⁷³. c (i) The contact lens temperature sensor readout method, (ii) the smartphone user interface, (iii) RGB percentages, and (iv) the color palette associated with the sensor for the temperature range of 29–40 °C, Reproduced with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry (2019)⁷⁰. d Schematic illustration MCL embedded with antibody-conjugated microchambers for tear exosome detection, Reproduced with permission from Wiley (2022)⁷⁵