Fig. 5: PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronics for multimodal brain modulation.

a–c PEDOT:PSS-based microprobe system for optical stimulation and neurological activity sensing¹⁶⁷. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature (Fig. S7). a Schematic illustration of the microprobe system for optical stimulation and electrochemical sensing in deep brain tissue. b Position heat maps of animal activity, where hotter colors indicate longer duration at a given site. The map reveals that mice exhibit clear place preferences during the optogenetic stimulation period. c Spontaneous current spikes recorded during optogenetic stimulation. d–i A transparent electrode array based on PEDOT:PSS crosslinked with PEGDE and silk fibroin (P-PSF) for dual-modal neural-vascular activity probing¹⁷⁸. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons (Fig. S8). d The transparent and conformable electrode was placed on the rat brain. e Time domain of neural electrical signals recorded from CH1-CH2, CH2-CH3, and CH3-CH4 showing changes during and shortly after photothrombosis (PT) stroke. f Schematic illustration of the transparent P-PSF electrodes for integrated vessel imaging and blood oxygen measurement under electrical stimulation. g Optical coherence tomography image of P-PSF electrodes (red dotted lines) positioned on the neurovascular system in the rat brain. h Relative changes in deoxy-Hb level in response to electrical stimulation induced by the P-PSF electrode compared to the referenced Au-SEBS electrode. i Statistical analysis of the time of arrival (ToA) and rise time upon stimulation