Table 1 The summary of PEDOT: PSS-based neural interfaces for brain recording and modulation
From: PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronics for brain monitoring and modulation
Application category | Active components | Format | Printing method | Postprocessing method | Electrical properties | Mechanical properties | Resolution (µm) | SNR (dB) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-unit recording | PEDOT:PSS, DMSO | Hydrogel | 3D printing | Dry annealing | Conductivity: 28 S/cm (annealed state) | Young’s modulus: 1.1 MPas (annealed state) | / | / | |
PEDOT:PSS | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: ~52 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | ~4 | |||
PEDOT:PSS, CNT, PHEMA | Spherical | ECD | / | Electrical impedence: ~1 kΩ at 1 kHz | Young’s modulus: 10 kPa | 100 | ~1.7 | ||
PEDOT:PSS | Free-floating | ECD | / | Electrode impendence: 133 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | 22–24 | ||
PEDOT:PSS, DA | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | Photocuring | Conductivity: 4176 S/cm (annealed) | / | 15.5 | / | ||
Intracortical recording | PEDOT:PSS, DMSO | MEA | Material extrusion | Dry annealing | Conductivity: 137 S/cm (ink) | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, GO | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 10.5 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, MWCNT | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 23 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, PVA | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | Photocuring | Electrical impedance: 1.14 kΩ at 1 kHz | Stretch: 72% strain Young’s modulus: 191 kPa | / | ~3–6 | ||
PEDOT:PSS, Pt NPs, short MWCNT | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 12 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, Pt NPs | MEA | ECD | / | Electrode impedance: 3.4 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS, Pt NPs | MEA | ECD | / | Electrode impedance: 17.2 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | ~17 | ||
PEDOT:PSS | MEA | ECD | / | Electrode impedance: 76 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS | MEA | ECD | / | Electrode impedance: 1 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | ~6–12 | ||
PEDOT:PSS, Pt NPs, MWCNT | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 32.46 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, SWCNT | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 16 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | >3 | ||
PEDOT:PSS | Monolayer open-mesh | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | / | / | / | |||
Intracortical recording & stimulation | PEDOT:PSS, IrOx | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 42 kΩ at 1 kHz CSC: 25 mC/cm2 | Bending modulus: 4× 10−13 N·m2 | / | ~8–16 | |
PEDOT:PSS, PHEMA | MEA | ECD | / | CICmax: 3.31 mC/cm2 | Young’s modulus: 322 kPa | ||||
PEDOT:PSS, H2SO4 | Film | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Conductivity: 652 S/cm Electrode impedance: 90 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS | Microprobe | ECD | / | / | / | / | / | ||
Cortical mapping | PEDOT:PSS, EG, DBSA, GOPTS | MEA | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Electrode impedance: 12–13 kΩ at 1 kHz | 50 | |||
PEDOT:PSS, PAM | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | / | / | Elastic modulus: 2 kPa | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS, EG | MEA | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Electrode impedance: 25.8 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS, glycerol, DBSA | MEA | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Electrode impedance: 3.5 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS, DBSA | Hydrogel | DIW | Thermal annealing | Conductivity: 35 S/cm (hydrogel); 600 S/cm (dry-annealed state) | Young’s modulus: 31 kPa (hydrogel) 1.5 MPa (dry-annealed state) | 10 | |||
PEDOT:PSS, MWCNT | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 20 kΩ at 1 kHz | 60 | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS | MEA | ECD | / | Electrical impedance: 2 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS | MEA | ECD | / | / | / | / | ~2–12 | ||
PEDOT:PSS-b-PPEGMEMA | Block-brush film | Crosslinking | / | Volumetric capacitance: 120 F/cm3 | Young’s modulus: 1.7 MPa | / | |||
PEDOT:PSS, GOPS, EG, DBSA | MEA | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Electrical impedance: 147 kΩ at 1 kHz | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, EMIM: TCB | Hydrogel | DIW | / | Conductivity: 286 S/cm | Storage modulus: 105 kPa Yield stress: 104 kPa | 50 | |||
Cortical mapping & stimulation | PEDOT:PSS, silk fibroin, PEGDA | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | / | Sheet resistance: 160 Ω /sq | Stretch: 200% strain | 25 | ||
PEDOT:PSS, EG | MEA | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Electrical impedance: 55 kΩ at 1 kHz CIC: 0.7 mc/cm2 | / | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, AV gel, glycerol, DMSO | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | Thermal annealing | Maximum transconductance: 250 mS | Young’s modulus: 154 MPa | / | |||
EEG | PEDOT:PSS | Fiber | Screen printing | / | Sheet resistance: 67 Ω/sq | / | / | ||
PEDOT:PSS, d-sorbitol | Fiber | Material extrusion | / | Double-layer capacitance: 2.72 μF | / | 10.7 | |||
PEDOT:PSS, GO, SDS, BSL | Film | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Conductivity: 4142 S/cm | Young’s modulus: 640 kPa | / | ~23 | ||
PEDOT:PSS, SDS, GO | Film | Spin coating | Thermal annealing | Sheet resistance: 20.8 Ω /sq Conductivity: 3727 S/cm | / | / | |||
BCI | PEDOT:PSS, PVA, borax | Hydrogel | Material extrusion | / | Conductivity: 2.3\(\times \)10−3 S/cm Impedance: 10 kΩ at 0.1 Hz | Young’s modulus: 2.5 MPa | / | 13–15 | |
PEDOT:PSS, SA, PAM, glycerol, KCl | Hydrogel | Crosslinking | Photocuring | Impedance: <5 kΩ at 0.5–50 Hz | / | / | / |
