Table 2 Tumor budding studies in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
From: Tumor budding as a standardized parameter in gastrointestinal carcinomas: more than just the colon
Study | Cohort | H&E/Keratin | Budding assessment | Low grade n(%) | High grade n(%) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roh et al. (2004) | Korea, n = 56 | H&E | Area of maximal budding at ×200. Low grade (<5) and high grade (≥5) | 22(39) | 34(61) | 3-year survival rates of 72 vs. 31% (p = 0.04) |
Koike et al. (2008) | Japan, n = 136 | H&E | Area of maximal budding at ×200. Low grade (<5) and high grade (≥5) | 54(40) | 82(60) | *3- and 5-year survival rates of 92/81 vs. 43/35% (p < 0.001) |
*Independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis | ||||||
Nakanishi et al. (2011) | Japan, n = 82 | AE1/AE3 | Area of maximal budding at ×200. Low grade (<5) and high grade (≥5) | 36(44) | 46(56) | *Significant prognostic factor on univariate analysis (p = 0.0002) |
*Not independent by multivariate analysis | ||||||
Miyata et al. (2009) | Japan, Neoadjuvant, n = 71 | H&E | Area of maximal budding at ×200. Low grade (<5) and high grade (≥5) | 42(59) | 29(41) | *Multivariate analysis: Significantly decreased overall survival in high-grade, independent prognostic factor (HR: 3.23, 1.61–6.49, p = 0.001) |
*High-grade budding significantly higher in non-responders to neoadjuvant (67 vs. 25%, p = 0.001) | ||||||
Teramoto et al. (2013) | Japan, pT1 tumors, n = 79 | H&E | Area of maximal budding at ×200. Low grade (<3) and high grade (≥3) | 50(63) | 29(37) | *Multivariate analysis: Significant independent prognostic factor (HR 4.42) |
*3-year survival significantly decreased in high grade (49 vs. 95%, p < 0.001) | ||||||
Jesinghaus et al. (2017) | Germany, n = 135 | H&E | Area of maximal budding, average count per hpf, over 10 hpf. Score 1 (0), 2 (1–14), 3 (≥15) | Score 1: 29(21) | Score 3:42(31) | *Tumor budding, and the proposed grading system, including budding, were significant prognostic factors (p = 0.001, p < 0.001) |
Score 2: 64(48) | *Multivariate analysis: Grading sytem was independent of stage for overall survival (p < 0.001) |
