Fig. 1

Lifespan stages of the human PFC lipidome. a Upper panel: age distribution of the 396 cognitively healthy individuals used in the study. The dissection area is marked in pink. Lower panel: total lipidome variation among 403 samples from the 396 individuals visualized using multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). The MDS plot shows Euclidean distances calculated using concentrations of 5024 detected lipids. Each dot represents a sample. The colors represent individuals’ ages with darker shades corresponding to older individuals. b Upper panel: the dendrogram of the 79 sliding windows covering the lifespan. The branch length shows (1−ρ) distances, where ρ is the Spearman correlation coefficient of lipid concentration specificity measures for 4777 lipids with differential concentration in at least one sliding window. The branch color shows lifespan stages: blue—infant; light blue—child; orange—juvenile; pink—adult. The horizontal gray bar indicates the median age in each window, with darker shades corresponding to older age. Numbers show boundary ages (D—days, Y—years). Lower panel: lifespan stage boundaries in the DS1 and public human, chimpanzee, and macaque data (DS2). Silhouette symbols indicate species and lifespan stages. Each dot represents a sample. The x-axis shows square-root-transformed age of assessed individuals. Age of non-human primates was corrected for differences in species’ maximal longevity. The background color represents lifespan stages as in the dendrogram above, except that light brown indicates the combined child and juvenile stage in the chimpanzee