Table 1 Variance explained by each polygenic profile score in relevant Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 outcome variables

Polygenic profile score	Outcome variable	Std. β	SE	p-value	% Variance explained
Educational attainment	Years of education	0.276	0.031	1.55 × 10⁻¹⁹	7.58%
Neuroticism	NEO-PI-R Neuroticism	0.176	0.038	1.85 × 10⁻⁰⁶	2.58%
Conscientiousness	NEO-PI-R Conscientiousness	0.083	0.033	0.014	0.69%
Alzheimer’s disease	MMSE	–0.061	0.031	0.051	0.38%
Schizophrenia	Block design	–0.120	0.034	4.57 × 10⁻⁰⁴	1.23%
Major depressive disorder	HADS depression score	0.002	0.032	0.941	5.49 × 10⁻⁰⁴%
Coronary artery disease	Cardiovascular disease^† (24.5%)	0.267	0.076	3.94 × 10⁻⁰⁴	1.89%
Stroke	Stroke^† (5.0%)	0.169	0.145	0.243	0.42%
Type 2 diabetes	Type 2 diabetes^† (8.6%)	0.608	0.122	7.27 × 10⁻⁰⁷	5.79%
Smoking	Smoking	0.147	0.032	5.41 × 10⁻⁰⁶	2.05%
Height	Height	0.365	0.030	1.72 × 10⁻³⁴	13.07%
BMI	BMI	0.359	0.031	5.78 × 10⁻³¹	11.85%
FEV₁	FEV₁	0.191	0.026	3.00 × 10⁻¹³	5.21%
Grip strength	Grip strength	0.065	0.020	0.002	1.00%

Standardized βs, SEs, and p-values are from general linear (continuous outcomes) or generalized linear (categorical outcomes, indicated with the † symbol and with the percentage of the sample who reported having, or having had, that condition at or by age 70 in parentheses) regression models adjusting for age at the time of measuring/reporting the outcome variable, sex, and four multidimensional scaling components. All significant p-values remained significant after False Discovery Rate correction. For continuous outcome variables, the % variance explained is derived from the partial R². For categorical outcome variables, the % variance explained is derived from the Nagelkerke’s R². Rows in bold survived false discovery rate correction for multiple testing. References for the GWAS source of each polygenic score can be found in Table S1
NEO-PI-R NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

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