Table 4 Associations of each polygenic score and APOE e4 status with age 11 intelligence and lifetime cognitive change (age 70 general intelligence (g) adjusted for age 11 intelligence)

Genetic variable	Association with age 11 intelligence			Association with age 70 g, adjusted for age 11 intelligence
Genetic variable	Std. β	SE	p-value	Std. β	SE	p-value
APOE e4	.024	.074	.740	–.080	.055	.141
Education	.321	.032	2.11 × 10^-24	.100	.026	1.01 × 10^-04
Neuroticism	–.032	.037	.377	–.016	.027	.563
Conscientiousness	.010	.033	.741	–.171	.119	.153
Alzheimer’s disease	.012	.033	.692	–.033	.025	.174
Schizophrenia	–.136	.036	1.85 × 10^-04	–.021	.028	.446
Major depressive disorder	.028	.033	.389	–.032	.025	.191
Coronary artery disease	–.098	.032	.003	–.039	.025	.116
Stroke	–.075	.032	.022	.016	.025	.523
Type 2 diabetes	–.079	.033	.019	–.010	.025	.703
Smoking	–.187	.033	2.60 × 10^-08	–.023	.026	.369
Height	.063	.033	.056	.013	.025	.595
BMI	–.164	.034	2.15 × 10^-06	.001	.079	.989
FEV₁	.055	.035	.113	.023	.026	.380
Grip strength	–.030	.033	.362	–.002	.025	.927

Note: Lifetime change come from a hierarchical latent model of general cognitive ability, comprising tests taken at age 70 (Figure S3), with the g-factor adjusted for age 11 intelligence. Rows in bold are effects that survived (per-column) false discovery rate correction for multiple testing. All models included four principal components to adjust for population stratification

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