Table 1 Summary of human genetic studies of DCC and Netrin-1
References | Genetic approach | Gene | Sample size | Ancestry | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood disorders | |||||
Manitt et al. [60] | mRNA expression | DCC mRNA | 30 cases, 35 controls | Not available | Depressed suicide completers |
Dunn et al. [64] | Genome-wide association study (GWAS) | DCC gene | 3138 | Hispanic | Depression |
Okbay et al. [65] | GWAS | DCC gene | 161,460 | European | Depression |
Smith et al. [75] | Meta-GWAS | Netrin-1 | 91,370, replication samples: (6659, 8687) | White, United Kingdom | Neuroticism |
Torres-Berrío et al. [54] | mRNA expression | DCC mRNA | 11 cases, 12 controls | Not available | Depressed suicide completers |
Zeng et al. [66] | Pathway analysis, multilevel regional heritability, and polygenic risk score | Netrin-1 signaling pathway | 25,214 | European | Depression |
Aberg et al. [62] | Methylome-wide association study (MWAS) | DCC methylation sites | 812 cases, 320 controls | European | Depression |
Leday et al. [61] | Genome-wide gene expression | DCC mRNA | 207 cases, 157 controls | Caucasion | Depression |
Roberson-Nay et al. [74] | Genome-wide methylation study | Netrin-1 | 150 monozygotic twin pairs | Caucasion | Depression |
Wray et al. [69] | GWAS | DCC gene | 135,458 cases, 344,901 controls | European | Depression |
Arnau-Soler et al. [67] | Gene-based test | DCC gene | 99,057 | White, United Kingdom | Depression |
Barbu et al. [72] | Polygenic risk score | Netrin-1 signaling pathway | ~6400 | Not available | Depression |
Lee et al. [76] | Meta-GWAS | DCC gene | 232,964 cases, 494,162 controls | European | Cross-disorder |
Strawbridge et al. [69] | Gene-based test | DCC gene | 122,935 | White, United Kingdom | Suicidality |
Ward et al. [73] | Meta-GWAS, polygenic score, genetic correlations | DCC gene | 375,275 | European | Anhedonia |
Personality traits and substance use | |||||
Khadka et al. [85] | Parallel independent component analysis | DCC gene | 426 | Caucasion, African-American, Hispanic, other | Impulsivity |
Zanetti et al. [84] | GWAS | DCC gene | 5339, replication: 1662 | African-American | Cigarette smoking |
Ward et al. [71] | GWAS | DCC gene | 53,525 cases, 60,443 controls | White, United Kingdom | Mood Instability |
Vosberg et al. [79] | Rare mutation cohort | DCC gene | 20 cases, 36 controls | Caucasion French Canadian (cases) | Novelty seeking & tobacco use |
Kichaev et al. [83] | GWAS | DCC gene | n ~ 458,000 | European | Cigarette smoking |
Lee et al. [76] | Meta-GWAS | DCC gene | 232,964 cases, 494,162 controls | European | Cross-disorder |
Linnér et al. [82] | Meta-GWAS | DCC gene | n = 518,633 | European | Cigarette smoking |
Schizophrenia and psychosis | |||||
Grant et al. [53] | Candidate gene | DCC gene | 556 cases, 208 controls | African American, Asian, Caucasion | Schizophrenia |
Yan et al. [56] | Candidate gene | DCC gene | 454 cases, 486 controls | Han Chinese | Schizophrenia |
Okayama et al. [59] | Next-generation sequencing | DCC gene | 3 cases | Japanese | Atypical psychosis |
Smeland et al. [58] | GWAS | DCC gene | 82,315 | European, East Asian | Schizophrenia |
Lee et al. [76] | Meta-GWAS | DCC gene | 232,964 cases, 494,162 controls | European | Cross-disorder |
Neurobiology | |||||
Hibar et al. [89] | GWAS | DCC gene | 30,717 | European | Putamen Volume |
Elliot et al. [90] | GWAS | DCC gene | 9707 | White, United Kingdom | Putamen Volume |
Luo et al. [92] | Polygenic risk score | Schizophrenia-associated genes including DCC | Discovery (n = 905); replication (n = 166) | Han Chinese | Putamen, thalamus, temporal gyrus volumes; mPFC rs-fMRI activity; working-memory |
Smeland et al. [58] | GWAS | DCC gene | 11,598 | European | Putamen volume |
Vosberg et al. [79] | Rare mutation cohort | DCC gene | 20 cases, 36 controls | Caucasion French Canadian (cases) | Mesocorticolimbic anatomical connectivity & putamen volume |
Barbu et al. [72] | Polygenic risk score | Netrin-1 signaling pathway | ~6400 | Not available | Thalamic raditions, white matter integrity |
