Fig. 1: Population activity of VP GABAergic neurons across sleep–wake states. | Molecular Psychiatry

Fig. 1: Population activity of VP GABAergic neurons across sleep–wake states.

From: Ventral pallidal GABAergic neurons control wakefulness associated with motivation through the ventral tegmental pathway

Fig. 1

a Schematic of in vivo fiber-photometry recordings. b Unilateral viral targeting of AAV-EF1α-DIO-GCaMP6f into the VP of a Vgat-Cre mouse. Right: Viral expression of GCaMP6f and the placement of the fiber-optic probe in the VP. Scale bar = 200 μm. c GFP-expressing cells were GABA-positive. Scale bar = 20 μm (n = 4 mice). d Representative fluorescent traces, relative EEG power, and EEG/EMG traces across spontaneous sleep–wake states. e ∆F/F peaks during wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. The fluorescent peak values were normalized by the mean ∆F/F peaks during NREM sleep (n = 4 mice, ten sessions per mouse, **P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test). f Fluorescent signals aligned to arousal-state transitions. Upper panel: Individual transitions with color-coded fluorescent intensities. Lower panel: Average calcium transients from all the transitions, expressed as the mean ± SEM.

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