Fig. 2: Heatmaps showing anatomical representations of neuroimaging signatures for ADHD and postmortem brain gene-set expression levels.

A–C Standardized differences in structural MRI measurements found by the ENIGMA Consortium for ADHD are shown for subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and surface area. Larger positive values for Cohen’s d indicate smaller regional brain sizes among ADHD patients versus controls. D, E Postmortem brain gene-set expression levels for five a priori selected gene sets are presented. Expression levels for gene sets were averaged over a reference panel of six adult neurotypical donors from the Allen Brain Atlas.