Table 1 Non-imaging characteristics, the total analysis sample and the developmental change subsample at their baseline assessment.
Variable | Analysis sample (N = 1476) | Developmental change subsample (N = 714) |
|---|---|---|
Youth demographic and anthropometric features | ||
Sex (female) | 819 (55%) | 445 (62%) |
Age (years) | 14.45 (0.40) | 14.45 (0.41) |
Height (cm) | 167.37 (7.86) | 167.32 (7.81) |
Weight (kg) | 58.23 (10.92) | 57.58 (10.29) |
Body mass index | 20.72 (3.24) | 20.5 (2.99) |
Pubertal Development Scale | 13.07 (2.22) | 13.2 (2.2) |
Youth perinatal events | ||
Birth weight (g) | 3424 (563) | 3419 (553) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 178 (15%) | 76 (12%) |
Paternal smoking during pregnancy | 250 (21%) | 108 (18%) |
Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | 269 (22%) | 142 (23%) |
Maternal medical illness during pregnancy | 91 (7%) | 51 (8%) |
Pregnancy and/or birth complications | 230 (19%) | 117 (19%) |
Breastfed | 1032 (84%) | 535 (86%) |
Youth mental health | ||
Presence of psychiatric diagnosis | 192 (13%) | 79 (11%) |
Youth cognitive ability | ||
General intelligence g-factor (z score) | 0.02 (0.97) | 0.17 (0.88) |
ESPAD: Average grade | ||
• 1: C− | 12 (1%) | 2 (0.3%) |
• 2: C | 28 (2%) | 10 (2%) |
• 3: C+ | 40 (3%) | 17 (3%) |
• 4: B− | 48 (4%) | 18 (3%) |
• 5: B | 131 (10%) | 59 (9%) |
• 6: B+ | 408 (32%) | 178 (29%) |
• 7: A− | 444 (35%) | 244 (39%) |
• 8: A | 150 (12%) | 92 (15%) |
ESPAD: Truancy | 4.13 (1.56) | 3.99 (1.69) |
Youth personality and temperament | ||
NEO: Neuroticism | 1.88 (0.58) | 1.91 (0.57) |
NEO: Extroversion | 2.45 (0.43) | 2.43 (0.44) |
NEO: Openness | 2.2(0.47) | 2.24 (0.49) |
NEO: Agreeableness | 2.33 (0.4) | 2.38 (0.4) |
NEO: Conscientiousness | 2.3(0.55) | 2.36 (0.56) |
DAWBA Social Aptitude Scale | 24.43 (5.79) | 24.61 (5.6) |
TCI: Novelty seeking | 111.22 (10.42) | 110.63 (10.47) |
Youth substance risk and use | ||
SURPS: Anxiety sensitivity | 2.25 (0.46) | 2.26 (0.46) |
SURPS: Hopelessness | 1.87 (0.41) | 1.87 (0.42) |
SURPS: Impulsivity | 2.43 (0.44) | 2.39 (0.44) |
SURPS: Sensation seeking | 2.77 (0.55) | 2.74 (0.54) |
ESPAD: Frequency of lifetime smoking | ||
• 0: Never | 875 (69%) | 459 (74%) |
• 1: 1–2 times | 178 (14%) | 86 (14%) |
• 2: 3–5 times | 52 (4%) | 19 (3%) |
• 3: 6–9 times | 40 (3%) | 15 (2%) |
• 4: 10–19 times | 38 (3%) | 16 (3%) |
• 5: 20–39 times | 18 (1%) | 10 (2%) |
• 6: 40 or more times | 60 (5%) | 15 (2%) |
ESPAD: Smoking in the preceding 30 days | ||
• 0: Not at all | 1127 (89%) | 571 (92%) |
• 1: less than 1 cigarette per week | 56 (4%) | 26 (4%) |
• 2: less than 1 cigarette per day | 28 (2%) | 9 (1%) |
• 3: 1–5 cigarettes per day | 32 (2%) | 8 (1%) |
• 4: 6–10 cigarettes per day | 9 (1%) | 3 (0.5%) |
• 5: 11–20 cigarettes per day | 6 (0.5%) | 3 (0.5%) |
• 6: more than 20 cigarettes per day | 3 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) |
ESPAD: Frequency of lifetime alcohol use | ||
• 0: Never | 285 (23%) | 135 (22%) |
• 1: 1–2 times | 324 (26%) | 161 (26%) |
• 2: 3–5 times | 239 (19%) | 127 (21%) |
• 3: 6–9 times | 173 (14%) | 86 (14%) |
• 4: 10–19 times | 132 (10%) | 68 (11%) |
• 5: 20–39 times | 64 (5%) | 24 (4%) |
• 6: 40 or more times | 41 (3%) | 17 (3%) |
ESPAD: Frequency of alcohol use in the preceding 30 days | ||
• 0: Not at all | 638 (51%) | 325 (53%) |
• 1–2 times | 452 (36%) | 218 (35%) |
• 3–5 times | 104 (8%) | 46 (7%) |
• 6–9 times | 36 (3%) | 16 (3%) |
• 10–19 times | 19 (1%) | 10 (2%) |
• 20–39 times | 6 (0.5%) | 2 (0.3%) |
• 40 or more times | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) |
ESPAD: Frequency of lifetime cannabis use | ||
• 0: Never | 1180 (94%) | 592 (96%) |
• 1: 1–2 times | 41 (3%) | 16 (3%) |
• 2: 3–5 times | 9 (1%) | 3 (0.5%) |
• 3: 6–9 times | 8 (1%) | 2 (0.3%) |
• 4: 10–19 times | 5 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) |
• 5: 20–39 times | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
• 6: 40 or more times | 10 (1%) | 3 (0.5%) |
ESPAD: Frequency of cannabis use in the preceding 30 days | ||
• 0: 0 | 1211 (96%) | 603 (98%) |
• 1: 1–2 times | 30 (2%) | 11 (2%) |
• 2: 3–5 times | 2 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) |
• 3: 6–9 times | 4 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) |
• 4: 10–19 times | 3 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) |
• 5: 20–39 times | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
• 6: 40 or more times | 3 (0.2%) | 2 (0.3%) |
Youth social and family circumstances | ||
LEQ: Total number of negative life events since last visit | 5.83 (2.96) | 5.66 (3.03) |
LEQ: Family-related life events since last visit | 0.26 (0.23) | 0.24 (0.22) |
LEQ: Family accidents or illness since last visit | 0.53 (0.27) | 0.51 (0.27) |
LEQ: Events relating to sexuality/intimacy since last visit | 0.29 (0.18) | 0.28 (0.18) |
LEQ: Autonomy: events relating to independence since last visit | 0.53 (0.18) | 0.53 (0.17) |
LEQ: Deviance: events relating to legal or school problems | 0.27 (0.23) | 0.24 (0.23) |
LEQ: Relocation: events relating to change in schools or residence since last visit | 0.45 (0.33) | 0.45 (0.33) |
LEQ: Distress: distressing events since last visit | 0.29 (0.19) | 0.28 (0.19) |
LEQ: Other events since last visit | 0.33 (0.27) | 0.34 (0.28) |
ESPAD: Victim of bullying | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.2 (0.4) |
ESPAD: Perpetrator of bullying | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.07 (0.26) |
DAWBA: Family stressors: Financial/housing | 0.72 (1.08) | 0.65 (1.03) |
DAWBA: Family stressors: Work pressure | 1.07 (1.08) | 1.11 (1.09) |
DAWBA: Family stressors: Illness | 0.52 (0.9) | 0.51 (0.9) |
DAWBA: Family stressors: Relationships/addiction | 0.42 (0.74) | 0.39 (0.73) |
DAWBA: Child experience: Affirmation | 10.82 (1.47) | 10.9 (1.35) |
DAWBA: Child experience: Discipline | 3.43 (1.58) | 3.35 (1.58) |
DAWBA: Child experience: Rules | 4.64 (1.24) | 4.64 (1.27) |
DAWBA: Living with both parents | 1267 (86%) | 620 (87%) |
FIGS: Positive family history of psychiatric disorders | 274 (19%) | 129 (18%) |
Parental characteristics | ||
ESPAD: Maternal education level | ||
• GCSEs or CSEs or below | 235 (17%) | 90 (13%) |
• NVQ or GNVQ | 273 (19%) | 112 (16%) |
• A levels or a BTEC national diploma | 204 (15%) | 111 (16%) |
• Advanced diploma | 203 (14%) | 100 (15%) |
• Bachelor degree | 321 (23%) | 175 (26%) |
• Professional qualification (Master’s degree and above) | 162 (11%) | 91 (13%) |
ESPAD: Paternal education level | ||
• GCSEs or CSEs or below | 300 (21%) | 113 (17%) |
• GNVQ or NVQ | 209 (15%) | 109 (16%) |
• A levels or a BTEC national diploma | 175 (12%) | 86 (13%) |
• Advanced diploma | 164 (12%) | 78 (12%) |
• Bachelor degree | 313 (22%) | 168 (25%) |
• Professional qualification (Master’s degree and above) | 237 (17%) | 125 (18%) |
