Table 1 Most important studies that in the last 5 years (from 2014 to 2019) have investigated the relationship between the mother and the offspring’s BMI, taking into account the influence of excessive GWG and/or gestational diabetes mellitus.
Authors | Title | Journal | Year | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gademan et al. | Maternal prepregancy BMI and lipid profile during early pregnancy are independently associated with offspring’s body composition at age 5–6 years: the ABCD study. | PLoS ONE | 2014 | Overweight and obese mothers and mothers with pronounced free fatty acids levels during early pregnancy were more likely to have children with overweight or obesity at age 5–6years. Both pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal lipids during early pregnancy are independently related to offspring adiposity. |
Page et al. | Gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal obesity, and adiposity in offspring. | J Pediatr. | 2014 | Offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus had greater BMI and waist and hip circumferences compared with offspring of non-gestational diabetes mellitus mothers. However, this relationship is not mediated by maternal obesity. |
Eriksson et al. | Maternal weight in pregnancy and offspring body composition in late adulthood: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS). | Ann Med. | 2015 | Maternal BMI was positively associated with BMI in the offspring. A significant interaction between birth weight and maternal BMI on offspring body fat percentage was found. |
Tan et al. | Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI is an important determinant of adverse cardiometabolic risk in childhood. | Pediatr Diabetes | 2015 | Children of overweight or obese mothers at the time of conception have a greater risk to be overweight/obese with increased total body and abdominal adiposity compared with children born to normal weight mothers. They also manifest insulin resistance and an adverse metabolic profile in later childhood. |
Leng et al. | GDM Women’s Pre-Pregnancy Overweight/Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain on Offspring Overweight Status. | PLoS One | 2015 | Pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and excessive GWG of gestational diabetes mellitus mothers were positively associated with increased risks of childhood overweight of their offspring at 1–5 years old. |
Hillier et al. | Impact of Maternal Glucose and Gestational Weight Gain on Child Obesity over the First Decade of Life in Normal Birth Weight Infants. | Matern Child Health J | 2016 | Both maternal hyperglycemia and excessive weight gain have independent effects to increase childhood obesity risk during the first decade of life. |
Cosson et al. | Pregnancy adverse outcomes related to pregravid body mass index and gestational weight gain, according to the presence or not of gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective observational study | Diabetes Metab. | 2016 | Both overweight/obesity and GWG are crucial for fetal growth in women without gestational diabetes mellitus, with the role of BMI blunted in women treated for gestational diabetes mellitus. |
Contreras et al. | Maternal pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes, obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of cancer in young children: a population-based study in California. | Cancer Causes Control. | 2016 | Children of mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes have an increased risk for several childhood cancers, such as leukemia and Wilms’ tumor. |
Ouyang et al. | Maternal BMI, gestational diabetes, and weight gain in relation to childhood obesity: The mediation effect of placental weight | Obesity | 2016 | Pre-pregnancy obesity, excessive GWG, and gestational diabetes mellitus were all associated with greater childhood BMI and higher risk of childhood obesity from infancy to7 years of age. Higher placental weight was an independent predictor of offspring BMI and obesity. |
Maslova et al. | Maternal protein intake in pregnancy and offspring metabolic health at age 9–16 y: results from a Danish cohort of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies and controls. | Am J Clin Nutr. | 2017 | A modest, but not significant, increase in offspring abdominal adiposity was associated with a higher maternal protein intake in gestational diabetes mellitus-exposed offspring |
Bider-Canfield et al. | Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding, and childhood overweight at age 2 years. | Pediatr Obes. | 2017 | Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight had the greatest association with childhood overweight at age 2 years |
Kaseva et al. | Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and gestational diabetes as predictors of body composition in offspring twenty years later: evidence from two birth cohort studies. | Int J Obes | 2018 | Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus are associated with unhealthy body size and composition in offspring over 20 years later. |
Gomes et al. | Late-pregnancy dysglycemia in obese pregnancies after negative testing for gestational diabetes and risk of future childhood overweight: An interim analysis from a longitudinal mother-child cohort study. | PLoS Med. | 2018 | Offspring of obese mothers treated and monitored because of a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus appeared to have a better BMI outcome in childhood than those of obese mothers who remained untreated in the last trimester and developed an abnormal glucose metabolism. |
Hammoud et al. | Long-term BMI and growth profiles in offspring of women with gestational diabetes. | Diabetologia | 2018 | Offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus appear to be at particularly higher risk of being overweight in adolescence. |
Ott et al. | Maternal overweight is not an independent risk factor for increased birth weight, leptin, and insulin in newborns of gestational diabetic women: observations from the prospective ‘EaCH’ cohort study. | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. | 2018 | Neither overweight/obesity nor gestational weight gain appear to be independent determinants of increased birth weight, insulin, and leptin. However, 3rd trimester glucose values were positively associated with critical birth outcomes. |
Wang et al. | Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Different Indicators of Childhood Obesity - A Large Study. | Endocr Connect. | 2018 | Children born to gestational diabetes mothers had higher Z-weight, Z-BMI, waist circumference, body fat, subscapular skinfold and suprailiac skinfold, and were associated with increased risks of overweight, obesity, and high body fat. These associations were independent of maternal prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and other related maternal and infant factors. |
Kaseva et al. | Gestational Diabetes But Not Prepregnancy Overweight Predicts for Cardiometabolic Markers in Offspring Twenty Years Later. | J Clin Endocrinol Metab. | 2019 | Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with increased insulin resistance and the risk of an atherogenic lipid profile in the adult offspring. Maternal prepregnancy overweight/obesity was associated with impaired offspring glucose regulation. |
Hildén et al. | Gestational diabetes and adiposity are independent risk factors for perinatal outcomes: a population based cohort study in Sweden. | Diabet Med. | 2019 | The impact of maternal excess weight on adverse perinatal outcomes did not differ significantly between the offspring of mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. Maternal overweight and obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus are major, independent risk factors for most adverse perinatal outcomes. |
