Fig. 1: Virtual working memory task and behavioral performance.

a Illustration of experimental setup. b Overhead view of task arena in virtual environment. c Trial epoch timeline. d Depiction of Utah array locations. e Surgical images of Utah arrays in LPFC. f Injection period timeline in which the pre-injection period refers to trials occurring before the time of injection, early post-injection period refers to injection time to 30 min post injection, and late post-injection period refers to 30 min post to 1 h post-injection time. Data from pre-injection period represented by green, early post-injection period by blue, and late post-injection period by orange. g Average percent of correct trials for ketamine-WM sessions (pink), saline-WM sessions (gray), and ketamine-perception sessions (blue). h Average response time for correct trials for all session types. i Trajectories to example target location (red) in one ketamine-WM session for correct (green) and incorrect (black) trials. j Task arena divided into 5 × 5 grid. k Percent of trials in which each cell of the arena is entered for example target location (pink) averaged over sessions. l Average difference (increase) in percent of trials in which cells are entered between injection periods (green = early post-injection – pre-injection; gray = late post-injection – pre-injection; purple = early post-injection – late post-injection) compared between ketamine-WM and saline-WM sessions. All error bars are SEM. *<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001.