Fig. 2: PBM increases ATP, but has no effects on the toxic corticosterone (CORT) in the hippocampus following stress which could induce contextual amnesia.
From: Photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like memory impairments in rats
A The stress conditions for inducing contextual amnesia are 1.5 + 2 for females (Res & PBM, n = 9 each) and 1.5 + 10 for males (Res & PBM, n = 10 each). The stress conditions are 1.5 + 0 for No res-group (females & males, n = 4 each) and 0 + 0 for Naïve-group (females & males, n = 4 each). Naïve-group rats were sacrificed at their home cage. Other rats were sacrificed at 20 min after the last foot shock. B Females had higher basal levels of CORT in the hippocampus than males (t (7) = 3.584, P = 0.009). Fear conditioning increased hippocampal CORT only in males (t (7) = 4.034, P = 0.005), not females (t (6) = 1.744, P = 0.132). The restraint increased CORT in the female hippocampus (t (11) = 3.791, P = 0.003), not males (t (12) = 1.445, P = 0.174). Compared with Res-group, PBM had no effect on either plasma CORT (females, t (16) = 0.532, P = 0.602; males, t (18) = 0.507, P = 0.618) or hippocampal CORT (females, t (16) = 0.0639, P = 0.95; males, t (18) = 0.662, P = 0.517). ##P < 0.01, No res vs. Res; @@P < 0.01, Naïve vs. No res. C Females had higher basal level of circulating CORT in plasma than males (t (7) = 0.2552, P = 0.038). Fear conditioning greatly increased plasma CORT in both sexes (Naïve vs. No res; females, t (6) = 8.879, P < 0.001; males, t (7) = 7.297, P < 0.001). The restraint further increased CORT in males (t (12) = 4.633, P < 0.001), but not females (No res vs. Res; t (11) = 1.254, P = 0.236). D PBM increased ATP production in the hippocampus of both females and males. E, F PBM has no effect on norepinephrine in either the hippocampus or plasma. **P < 0.01, PBM vs. Res, Student’s t-test. Data are mean ± S.E.M.
