Fig. 4: PBM early interventions inhibit trauma-associated fear in a PTSD model of repeated trauma.
From: Photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like memory impairments in rats
A Rats were conditioned with mild foot shock on odd days (days 1, 3, 5, 7), followed by memory tests on even days (days 2, 4, 6, 8). PBM was applied immediately after the last tone every day. A group of rats without restraint (No res-group, Females, n = 7; Males, n = 5) was also included. In both females (B) and males (C), restraint greatly strengthened the contextual, not cued, memory (No res vs. Res). PBM relieved the intense cued memory in both females (Res, n = 9; PBM, n = 10) and males (Res, n = 12; PBM, n = 9). D The tone conditioning ratio for both sexes.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, two way ANOVA, PBM vs. Res; ##P < 0.01, two way ANOVA, No res vs. Res. Data are mean ± S.E.M.
