Fig. 3: Optogenetics photostimulation of the insular area.

a Modeled illumination of the insula. b Evoked response to photostimulation blocks in ChR2 (N = 10) vs. mCherry (N = 8) controls. The asterisk indicates the photostimulation site. c Averaged insula BOLD response to photostimulation blocks. Error bars indicate ±1 standard deviation. d Conditioned place preference induced by photostimulation. e BOLD response correlated with place preference in ChR2-injected mice. f BOLD parameter estimates in the posterior cingulate area as a function of place preference. The line and ribbon indicate the regression line and 95th confidence interval, respectively. g Literature meta-analysis for the search term ‘positive valence‘.