Fig. 3: Visual summary of the descriptive properties of the Pathfinder measure administered in Study 5.

a distributions of standardized test scores for the g, verbal and nonverbal ability composites as well as for each subdomain. The coloured dots indicate individuals’ performance in each test, black dots represent means and error bars indicate standard deviations for the standardized scores. b Sex differences in performance across all subdomains and composite scores, *** = p < 0.001 (two-tailed). c Network plot showing the correlations between subdomains, the greater the proximity between points, the greater the correlation between pairs of subdomains. d Scree plot of the proportion of variance explained by the principal components. (e) phenotypic correlations between Pathfinder composite scores: g, verbal and nonverbal ability.