Fig. 2: Observations in early psychosis patients (EPP).
A Alterations in exosomal markers. (a) Schema depicting plasma exosomal component. (b) Plasma levels of exosomal miR-137 are elevated in EPP subjects as compared to healthy controls. (c) Mitophagy markers NIX, FUNDC1 and LC3B decreased in EPP subjects. (d) Exosomal plasma COX6A2 levels lower in EPP subjects than in controls. (e) Colocalization (arrows; zoomed panel) of COX6A2 and parvalbumin in exosomes of neuronal origin (L1CAM staining). HSP70 staining: exosomal marker (brain and not brain-derived exosomes). p < 0.001***, p < 0.01**, p < 0.05*. B Impaired 40-Hz auditory steady-state response in EPP. Topographic maps (a) display the averaged evoked power (ePOW) activity between 38-42 Hz and during the entire ASSR period (0–500 ms) for both CTRL and EPP. Responses depict maximal activities measured at (b) the frontocentral ROI (Fz-FCz-Cz) for ePOW (c–e) and intertrial phase coherence (ITC; f–h). Time-frequency maps represent (c) ePOW and (f) ITC at FCz, where color scales indicate ePOW and ITC amplitude values. Line plots show the time course of (d) ePOW and (g) ITC values at the frontocentral ROI (averaged activities from Fz-FCz-Cz) from baseline to post-stimulation for EPP (pink) and CTRL (blue). Boxplots report significant (e) ePOW and (h) ITC differences between CTRL and EPP at the frontocentral ROI for total mean activity (0–500 ms), as well as early- (0–100 ms) and late-latency (300-500 ms) responses (Fig. S4). p < 0.01**, p < 0.05*, p < 0.07Δ. C Exosomal levels of miR-137 and COX6A2 as surrogate markers of PV alteration. (a) Exosomal miR-137 levels and late-latency gamma oscillations in the frontocentral ROI recording sites are negatively associated in EPP subjects but not in controls. (b) Exosomal COX6A2 protein levels associated positively with both late-latency ITC and ePOW in healthy controls but not in EPP (values at frontocentral ROI = averaged activities from Fz-FCz-Cz).
