Fig. 3: Visualization of the method used to correlate the ketamine-induced thalamic dysconnectivity pattern with thalamic connectivity in an independent data set of healthy control and schizophrenia participants.

a The 3D group-level [active ketamine – saline] > [placebo ketamine – saline] thalamic dysconnectivity z-statistic map (orange) was converted into a 1D vector. Each healthy control and schizophrenia participant’s site- or age-corrected 3D thalamic dysconnectivity map (purple), in which voxel values were expressed as deviations from the normative values expected from the respective healthy control group, was converted into a 1D vector, with the same orientation as the ketamine-dysconnectivity map (to allow the two to be correlated). The color bars show voxel-wise z-values. b The [active ketamine – saline] > [placebo ketamine – saline] thalamic dysconnectivity z-statistic map was correlated with individual thalamic dysconnectivity maps to obtain a ketamine similarity coefficient for each healthy control and schizophrenia participant. c Ketamine similarity coefficients were significantly higher for individuals with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls; significance level (asterisks above the horizontal line) and Cohen’s d are based on an ANOVA comparing ketamine similarity coefficients across groups, controlling for sex and study site. Black horizontal lines represent within-group means, and vertical asterisks reflect significance levels for within-group tests comparing the mean similarity coefficient value against 0 (two-sided). d Ketamine similarity coefficients were significantly higher for early illness schizophrenia participants relative to healthy controls and those at clinical high-risk for psychosis; significance level (asterisks above the horizontal line) and Cohen’s d are based on an ANOVA model comparing ketamine similarity coefficients across groups, controlling for sex. Black horizontal lines represent within-group means, and vertical asterisks reflect significance levels for within-group tests comparing the mean similarity coefficient value against 0 (two-sided). Clinical high-risk for psychosis participants who converted to a psychotic disorder within 24 months of study entry (n = 10) are highlighted in maroon. HC healthy control participant, SZ schizophrenia participant, ESZ early illness schizophrenia participant, CHR-P clinical high-risk for psychosis participant.